Hormone replacement therapy has been proven to be effective in reducing vasomotor symptoms, although isoflavones have gained popularity as an alternative treatment to hormone replacement therapy to relieve menopausal symptoms. By contrast, it seems that soy isoflavones do not lead to a meaningful protective effect on cardiovascular risk. Menopause is characterized by a decrease in estrogen levels and is often accompanied by a range of symptoms. Regarding the mechanisms by which isoflavones act to alleviate vasomotor symptoms, is has been proposed that they bind to estrogen receptors and activate endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) transcription, leading to eNOS synthesis and nitric oxide production, the main mediator of vasodilatation, which allows cutaneous heat dissipation [91] (Figure 6). Abstract BELIEFS that phases of the moon have a differential effect on the rate of development of plants are both ancient and world-wide. A significant 19% reduction of the risk was found at high concentrations of daidzein, but not at genistein or equol concentrations. Chen L.R., Ko N.Y., Chen K.H. The two systematic reviews conclude that isoflavones have an important role in reducing hot flushes [52,53], although some observations need to be pointed out. It is well-known that some of the most accurate BP readings occur right as someone wakes up and at that event, the BP will be shown for the most part to stay lower than that of a daily average. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Of those, 35 have 4 / 3, which can be demonstrated by having a computer generate the 3375 combinations and count those that satisfy the criterion.Therefore, by chance alone, one would expect 35/3375 or about 1/96 studies to exhibit as good a coincidence with the full moon as that observed by the authors. Regarding this topic, three systematic reviews and three meta-analyses were analyzed (Table 2). Furthermore, isoflavones are able to inhibit aromatase activity, the enzyme that converts androgen to estrogen. Moreover, an increase in thyroid hormone levels after isoflavone intake by food supplements has not been observed, and no side effects were confirmed with regard to the endometrial thickness or histopathological changes in the uterus. The results indicated that the isoflavone intake decreased the ovarian cancer risk by 33%. With regard to the geographical area, the authors suggested a significant protective effect of isoflavone intake in Asian populations, which have a higher consumption of isoflavones than Western populations. These positive effects were associated with 54 mg/day of genistein and 600 mg/day of synthetic isoflavone ipriflavone. The authors suggested that further studies grouping subjects by isoflavone intake or by the circulating isoflavone levels might enhance this association. Perez-Cornago A., Appleby P.N., Boeing H., Gil L., Kyr C., Ricceri F., Murphy N., Trichopoulou A., Tsilidis K.K., Khaw K.T., et al. Mace T.A., Ware M.B., King S.A., Loftus S., Farren M.R., McMichael E., Scoville S., Geraghty C., Young G., Carson W.E., et al. In this section, 16 meta-analyses have been revised: Nachvack et al. In any case, it is important to bear in mind that a great number of expert scientists and doctors think that breast cancer survivors should not increase their isoflavone intake [94], although others consider that their consumption is safe and beneficial [95]. DOI: 10.1093/OXFORDJOURNALS.AOB.A087491 Corpus ID: 89019113; Effects of Moonlight on Flower Induction in Pharbitis nil, Using a Single Dark Period @article{KadmanZahavi1987EffectsOM, title={Effects of Moonlight on Flower Induction in Pharbitis nil, Using a Single Dark Period}, author={Avishag Kadman-Zahavi and Dovrat Peiper}, journal={Annals of Botany}, year={1987}, volume={60}, pages={621-623} } In the meta-analysis reported by Chen et al. Regarding the effect of specific isoflavones, they suggested that genistein, alone or in combination with daidzein, improved bone density and bone turnover in women after menopause. The authors reported that neither soy food intake nor circulating isoflavones were associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer. Wang X., Dykens J.A., Perez E., Liu R., Yang S., Covey D.F., Simpkins J.W. Altogether, these results show that further studies are needed in order to find stronger conclusions. 19% reduction in endometrial cancer risk. Isoflavone Supplements for Menopausal Women: A Systematic Review. Soy products (0.05130 g/day) and total isoflavones (0.28 to 63 mg/day). (2017) included 26 trials with 2652 participants [48]. This meta-analysis included 266,699 participants (21,612 patients with prostate cancer among them). For this reason, the results should be interpreted with caution, and more randomized clinical trials are required. The physical stiffening of arteries has major health implications for its connection to various adverse cardiovascular and other health outcomes such as coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertension or heart failure [66]. government site. Metabolism of intraruminally administered [4-. Neuroprotective effects of 17beta-estradiol and nonfeminizing estrogens against H. Endoh H., Sasaki H., Maruyama K., Takeyama K., Waga I., Shimizu T., Kato S., Kawashima H. Rapid activation of MAP kinase by estrogen in the bone cell line. This fact does not seem to be influenced by genetics since migrating from eastern to western countries appears to cause the loss of this protective effect. Influence of cellular ERalpha/ERbeta ratio on the ERalpha-agonist induced proliferation of human T47D breast cancer cells. The results showed that a higher regular intake of foods rich in isoflavones might potentially decrease colorectal cancer incidence. . Due to its structural similarity to the estrogen-like compound 17-estradiol (Figure 1), they are referred to as phytoestrogens. Interestingly, soy protein isolate (void of isoflavones through alcoholic extraction during the protein solation phase) did not show these effects. Analysis of isoflavones in Foods. Winkel-Shirley B. Biosynthesis of flavonoids and effects of stress. With regard to isoflavone content in foodstuffs, it has been observed that in soybeans, the amount of these phenolic compounds ranges from 1.2 to 4.2 mg per g on dry weight, whereas in red clover, the amount varies between 10 and 25 mg per g on dry weight [15,16]. ); sue.uhe@zednanref.oderfla (A.F.-Q. The most significant food source of isoflavones in humans is soy-derived products. Due to the high prevalence of colorectal cancer, three meta-analyses addressing this issue are included in the present review. In addition, Qiu et al. Jiang R., Botma A., Rudolph A., Hsing A., Chang-Claude J. Phyto-oestrogens and colorectal cancer risk: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies. ; Funding Acquisition, M.P.P. Watanabe S., Yamaguchi M., Sobue T., Takahashi T., Miura T., Arai Y., Mazur W., Whl K., Adlercreutz H. Pharmacokinetics of soybean isoflavones in plasma, urine and feces of men after ingestion of 60 g baked soybean powder (kinako). In view of the results gathered in the present review, we can conclude that there is scientific evidence that reveals the beneficial effect of isoflavones on bone health and thus in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. The latter is the most common form in foodstuffs, with the exception of fermented soy products, such as miso and tempeh. The dose of isoflavones ranged from 30 to 200 mg/day. Regarding breast cancer (Table 4), the same increase in soy isoflavone intake (10 mg/day) was related to a 9% lower risk of breast cancer mortality. Collison M.W. The same results were reported in another meta-analysis published by the same authors a year later (Li et al., 2016), when they compared the efficacy of several non-hormonal drugs on hot flushes, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotoninnorepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), gabapentin, clonidine and soy isoflavones [88]. Kurzer M.S., Xu X. Dietary phytoestrogens. Thirty-seven articles presenting evidence of the physiological effects of viewing nature were selected. While a moderate intake of soy isoflavones did not significantly affect breast cancer risk, a significant reduction was shown when the intake was high. (2016) published another systematic review of 23 randomized controlled trials to determine the effect of soy isoflavone extracts on bone mineral density in postmenopausal women [51]. Knowledge awaits. Liu J., Yuan F., Gao J., Shan B., Ren Y., Wang H., Gao Y. Beneficial role of dietary phytoestrogens in obesity and diabetes. For this reason, the results should be interpreted with caution, and more randomized clinical trials are imperative. Gruber C.J., Tschugguel W., Schneeberger C., Huber J.C. Production and actions of estrogens. In the same line, Yu et al. In general, evidence regarding the use of isoflavones on vasomotor symptoms suggests that they could be useful in reducing hot flushes. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, https://data.nal.usda.gov/dataset/usda-database-isoflavone-content-selected-foods-release-20, Acetyldaidzin, acetylgenistin, acetylglycitin, Malonyldaidzin, malonylgenistin, malonylglycitin, Moderate attenuation of bone loss, primarily at the level of the lumbar spine and the femoral neck, Prevention of osteoporosis-related bone loss in any weight status or treatment duration, Isoflavone interventions, genistein (54 mg/day) and ipriflavone (600 mg/day) in particular hold great promise in the prevention and treatment of bone mineral density, Probably they have beneficial effects on bone health in menopausal women but there are controversial reports about changes in bone mineral density, Soy isoflavones (2080 mg) and equol (10 mg), 1Meta-analysis 1Systematic review and 1clinical trial, Attenuation of lumbar spine bone mineral density, Prospective cohort and case-control studies, 508,841 participants, 17,269 with CVD events (stroke, coronary heart disease, ischemic stroke), No associations between soy isoflavones consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease, stroke, and coronary heart disease, 548 participants (272 case and 276 controls), Non-significant change in flow-mediated dilation (parameter of endothelial function), Various designs (double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel design, crossover design), Isoflavones 80118 mg/day and 10 mg/day of S-equol, Positive effect of soy isoflavones on arterial stiffness, 1391268 menopausal and postmenopausal women, Reduction in total cholesterol and triglyceride plasma concentrations, 337 healthy, diabetic or hypercholesterolemic individuals, Reduction in total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol, Decreased risk of acute coronary syndrome or coronary heart disease, 9% lower risk of estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer mortality, Inverse association between isoflavone intake and both overall mortality and breast cancer recurrence, Isoflavones (the amount varies greatly among different soy foods), Pre-diagnosis, soy isoflavone consumption has a poor effect on survival of postmenopausal women, High dietary intake of soy foods (dose non-defined), Significant reduction of breast cancer risk, Sample sizes (from 100 to 15,688 participants), Daidzein, genistein, and equol (dose non-defined), Daidzein (34%) and genistein (28%) were associated with a lower risk of breast cancer, Prospective cohort study (3) Case-control study (10), 178,947 (7067 cases and 171,880 controls). Finally, it is important to mention that despite the fact that potential isoflavone adverse effects have been widely studied, little is known about the side effect of the bacterial metabolite equol. The work reported by Lambert et al. Finally, isoflavones could be useful in reducing hot flushes associated with menopause. Moonlight sonata. Despite the positive effect of isoflavones, the authors emphasized that the effects took a long time to appear. The effect of the moon on planting times is stated as a matter of fact in such popular publications as The Old Farmer's Almanac and books such as Gardening and Planting by the Moon 2018, and, of course, calendars such as The Biodynamic Sowing and Planting Calendar 2018. In the systematic review reported by Perna et al. Chalvon-Demersay T., Azzout-Marniche D., Arfsten J., Egli L., Gaudichon C., Karagounis L.G., Tom D. A Systematic Review of the Effects of Plant Compared with Animal Protein Sources on Features of Metabolic Syndrome. In this sense, the authors suggested that the composition of the gut microflora may influence isoflavone absorption and metabolism and could affect the production of isoflavone metabolites, which, in turn, could mediate their biological activity. Ko K.P., Kim C.S., Ahn Y., Park S.J., Kim Y.J., Park J.K., Lim Y.K., Yoo K.Y., Kim S.S. Jun S., Shin S., Joung H. Estimation of dietary flavonoid intake and major food sources of Korean adults. The authors declare no conflict of interest. (2017) carried out a meta-analysis of 143 case-control studies, where isoflavone intake was associated with endometrial, ovarian, and breast cancers [73]. In their systematic revision, which included 1307 menopausal (n = 139) and post-menopausal (n = 1268) women, Perna et al. Modified from Mace et al. In some cases the purported effect may depend on external cues, such as the amount of moonlight. Interestingly, in a study conducted by Tamura et al., the authors observed that in individuals without the LPH enzyme, the concentration of isoflavones and derived metabolites was similar to that found in individuals without an enzyme deficiency. Soy isoflavones and their metabolites modulate cytokine-induced natural killer cell function. Indeed, they reported that an increase of 10 mg/day of soy isoflavones consumption was associated with a 7% lower risk of cancer mortality [62]. In: Thompson M.J., editor. Abdi et al. Moreover, this association was more prominent among postmenopausal women than premenopausal women. Future research in this field should quantify isoflavones as accurately as possible, analyzing larger cohorts and lengthening the follow-up stage. Li L., Lv Y., Xu L., Zheng Q. Quantitative efficacy of soy isoflavones on menopausal hot flashes. Vlachopoulos C., Aznaouridis K., Stefanadis C. 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