4.4/5 on reviews.co.uk. But they oblige it to internalise processes of information flow and sequential innovation which have traditionally been left to the market and to the chain reactions within and across industry lines reactions in which each firm had only to worry about its own response as one component. In the example, welcoming a patient is a skill that the nurse knows how to do intuitively. In many respects, we could not ask for a better rationale for Peter Senges later championship of the Fifth Discipline (systemic thinking) in the generation of learning organizations. Look for the sense of freedom and of real connection to the client, as a consequence of no longer needing to maintain a professional faade. Advantages & Disadvantages of Self Assessment. Husn, T. (1974) The Learning Society, London: Methuen. A summary of the pros and cons can be found below: This is seen as an efficient method The two essential facts are the increasing proportion of free time and the rapidity of change. Both books show the influence of the work of his great friend and colleague, Raymond Hainer. Here is a list of a few reflective learning models that students often come across during their academics. The Kolb Reflective Cycle Model of reflection consists of points like making a judgement, testing things out, asking how/why etc. (Hutchins 1970: 133), Slavery made this possible releasing citizens to participate in the life of the city. They are those theories that are implicit in what we do as practitioners and managers, and those on which we call to speak of our actions to others. It is worthwhile researching other other models for yourself - all have their advantages and disadvantages. al. (Schn Reflective Model). The reflective practitioner: How professionals think in action. During his later years Donald Schon also developed an interest in software design and, in particular, the role of computers in designing, and the uses of design games to expand designing capabilities. new: Ruth Kotinsky on education and lifelong learning, public and private learning and the learning society, the reflective practitioner reflection-in- and on-action, http://www.scu.edu.au/schools/sawd/arr/argyris.html, http://www.imprint.co.uk/C&HK/vol7/Pakman_foreword.PDF, Schn Educating the reflective practitioner, http://www.flickr.com/photos/snenad/3644579768/, http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Donald_schon_pic.jpg, https://infed.org/mobi/donald-schon-learning-reflection-change/, Social action, social change and social reform. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. The picture of Donald Schon is reproduced here according to the terms of the Free Art Licence and sourced from Wikipedia Commons: http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Donald_schon_pic.jpg. However, it must be remembered that reflective practice is a broad term that encompasses a variety of different reflective models; each with their own perspectives. Eraut, M. (2006). This ensures that all preferred learning styles are used as you step through the model. He carries out an experiment which serves to generate both a new understanding of the phenomenon and a change in the situation. The words we use to convey what we, do or what we would like others to think we do, can then be called espoused theory. Is reflection after the event. Finger and Asn (2000) argue that this constitutes a two-fold contribution to pragmatic learning theory. First, their introduction of the notion of theory in action gives greater coherence and structure to the function of abstract conceptualization in Kolbs very influential presentation of experiential learning. This model is cyclic and has six principal elements: Available at: https://www.cambridge-community.org.uk/professional-development/gswrp/index.html [Accessed 18 July 2020]. This is empowering for the practitioner. As suggested by the names, reflection in action occurs during the event, whereas reflection on action occurs afterward. Going back to books like Beyond the Stable State pays great dividends. Mark K. Smith First published July 2001. Donald Schons work on learning systems fed nicely into a very significant collaboration with Chris Argyris around professional effectiveness and organizational learning. Schn, D. A. Gibbs created his model as "structured debriefing" to support the process of experiential learning. He was invited to give the 1970 Reith Lectures in London. Public and private learning in a changing society, Harmondsworth: Penguin. It helps the practitioner to critically assess self, and their approach to practice (Fleming, 2006). Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Donald Schon, they claim, looks to an alternative epistemology of practice in which the knowledge inherent in practice is be understood as artful doing (op. responsible and resourceful, drawing on your own knowledge and allowing you to apply it to new Gibbs' reflective model. However, we can draw on what has gone before. Occurs whilst a problem is being addressed, in what Schon 58. importance of this concept is in its potential for helping out with stuck situations in learning. Yet for all his talk of networks and the significance of the periphery, Donald Schons analysis falters when it comes to the wider picture. Permalink: https://pro-essays.com/schon-reflective-model. BY1301-10-17 - .docx - A Survey of reflective English. : 168). Getting started with Reflective Practice [Online]. how to cite this article. Schon (1983/1991) believed that both types of reflection can be effective. Reflection-on-action. Posses a danger of labelling people as either theorists or pragmatists, when in fact most people exhibit more than one strong preference. I am presumed to know, but I am not the only one in the situation to have relevant and important knowledge. In a similar fashion, his work with Chris Argyris still features very strongly in debates around organizational learning and the possibilities, or otherwise, of learning organizations. Indeed, if we do not take a critical approach when selecting our reflective model, the very spirit of reflective practice can be undermined (Herbert, 2015, p.361). 355 + xvii pages. This is important and Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing Ltd. Step 1. We must make the capacity for undertaking them integral to ourselves and to our institutions. (Schn Reflective Model), The practitioner has stated how they would behave differently next time. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. 236 pages. He then proceeds to build the case for a concern with learning (see inset). These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. This model includes three phases of the experimental learning cycle. Pages 17 Course Hero uses AI to attempt to automatically extract content from documents to surface to you and others so you can study better, e.g., in search results, to enrich docs, and more. Scope limited by resource and energy at the centre and by capacity of spokes. (1973) Beyond the Stable State. When they came to explore the nature of organizational learning Chris Argyris and Donald Schon (1978: 2-3) described the process as follows: When the error detected and corrected permits the organization to carry on its present policies or achieve its presents objectives, then that error-and-correction process is single-loop learning. Perhaps more importantly, this model appreciates the special artistry of the practitioner, thus it empowers them to learn and grow primarily through their own experiences rather than through external facts or theories. 19977: 147). Order Now, https://pro-essays.com/schon-reflective-model, https://www.nmc.org.uk/news/press-releases/joint-statement-reflective-practice/. Schn Educating the reflective practitioner. The notions of reflection-in-action, and reflection-on-action were central to Donald Schons efforts in this area. (Source: Sharlanova, 2004) Concrete experience: The learner is actively participated. Schn Reflective Model Pros and Cons of Schn Reflective Model. This is a great pity. (1967) Invention and the evolution of ideas, London: Tavistock (first published in 1963 as Displacement of Concepts). reflecting on an activity. Development of the thinking in the 1983 book with sections on understanding the need for artistry in professional education; the architectural studio as educational model for reflection-in-action; how the reflective practicum works; and implications for improving professional education. NMC (2019). As mentioned, the key benefits of this model are two-fold. To become skilled at reflection, the practitioner should choose a model (or models) that best reflect(s) their own needs and capabilities. His focus, Change and industrial society, became the basis for his path-breaking book: Beyond the Stable State. It offers a framework for examining experiences, and given its cyclic nature lends itself particularly well to repeated experiences, allowing you to learn and plan from things that either went well or didn't go well. : 45-6). His first book, Displacement of Concepts (1963) (republished in 1967 as Invention and the Evolution of Ideas) dealt with the ways in which categories are used to examine things but are not themselves examined as ways of thinking (Parlett 1991, quoted in Pakman 2000). This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. ], criticizing, restructuring, and testing of intuitive understanding of experienced phenomena [sic] (Schn, 1983, p.241). Increasing professional effectiveness, San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. When Schon talked about knowing in action, he was referring to the practitioners intuitive ability to know how to perform a task. Pakman (2000:3) goes on to comment: The interest in metaphor expressed in that book, would grow years later toward his elaborations on generative metaphor, and its role in allowing us to see things anew. This is carried out during practice rather than Gibb's cycle contains six stages: Description; Feelings; Evaluation; Analysis; Conclusion; Action plan No plagiarism, guaranteed! The city educated the man. This article revisits Donald Schn's notion of reflective practice by interpreting it from a Daoist perspective. Reflective Practice: International and Multidisciplinary Perspectives, 11(4), 565-575. Although it can be helpful to practice both types of reflection on the same event, practitioners do not necessarily have to carry out both types of reflection on the same event in order to gain insight from the reflective process (Eraut, 2006). The practitioner allows himself to experience surprise, puzzlement, or confusion in a situation which he finds uncertain or unique. There have also been no psychological elaborations of the psychological realities of reflection in action (Russell and Munby 1989). The opening salvo of The Reflective Practitioner (1983) is directed against technical-rationality as the grounding of professional knowledge. This allows the user to reflect on events as they are happening and adapt immediately if needed. Donald Schon became a visiting professor at MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) in 1968. The model consists of six steps. He argued that it was susceptible to a kind of rigor that is both like and unlike the rigor of scholarly work and controlled experimentation (op. practice can be developed after it has happened. What demands are made on a person who engages in this kind of learning? The ability to draw upon a repertoire of metaphors and images that allow for different ways of framing a situation is clearly important to creative practice and is a crucial insight. Advantage: Brag About Your Accomplishments. New York: Capricorn Books. A very influential book (following Schns 1970 Reith Lectures) arguing that change is a fundamental feature of modern life and that it is necessary to develop social systems that can learn and adapt. New dimensions: reflection before action and reflection beyond action. The model was published in 1988 in his book ' Learning by doing. Schn, D.A. Such learning may then lead to an alteration in the governing variables and, thus, a shift in the way in which strategies and consequences are framed. This website is intended to be a starting point and the main difference with other websites is the visual representation of the theory, which I hope will help get to grips with the theory. https://pro-essays.com/driscolls-model-of-reflection/, https://pro-essays.com/nursing-research-topics/, Start by sharing the instructions of your paper, Schn Reflective Model Donald Schns Theory of Reflective Practice, Schn Reflective Model Schns Reflective Model in Nursing Practice. The loss of the stable state means that our society and all of its institutions are in continuous processes of transformation. This is therefore not empowering for all. [H]e [sic] does not separate thinking from doing (Schn, 1983, p.68). When looking at a situation we are influenced by, and use, what has gone before, what might come, our repertoire, and our frame of reference. Schn recognises the importance of reflecting back The task which the loss of the stable state makes imperative, for the person, for our institutions, for our society as a whole, is to learn about learning. Moreover, Schon discusses the reflection on action and reflection in action. The business firm, representing the whole functional system, must now learn to effect the transformation and diffusion of the system as a whole. Art as experience. Reflection-in-action is reflection during the doing stage (that is, reflecting on the incident while it can still benefit the learning). Acknowledgement: The picture of The Reflective Practitioner is by .nele and is reproduced here under a Creative Commons licence (Attribution-Non-Commercial-Share Alike 2.0 Generic) flickr http://www.flickr.com/photos/snenad/3644579768/). Upon completion, we will send the paper to you via email and in the format you prefer (word, pdf or ppt). Experiential learning: Experience as the source of learning and development (Vol. He charts how firms moved from being organized around products toward integration around business systems (ibid. To this end Argyris and Schon (1974) initially looked to three elements: Governing variables: those dimensions that people are trying to keep within acceptable limits. His work was quickly, and enthusiastically, taken up by a large number of people involved in the professional development of educators, and a number of other professional groupings. . Kolb's experiential learning style theory is typically represented by a four-stage learning cycle in which the learner 'touches all the bases': 1. It does not store any personal data. Finally, the reflection on action stage asked the practitioner to consider what went well/badly and what they would change next time. Feedback loops operate local and universally throughout the systems network. Reflection-in-action is a type of self-reflection that occurs during . This is a dimension that we have become rather more aware of following Lave and Wengers (1991) exploration of situated learning. Gibbs' Reflective Cycle was developed by Graham Gibbs in 1988 to give structure to learning from experiences. Frame Reflection (Schon and Rein 1994) is concerned with the ways in which intractable policy controversies can be reconciled. This article has explored Schons reflective model and its usefulness for practitioners particularly nursing practitioners. The practitioner recognises the obligation to make his [sic] understandings accessible to the client and often has to reflect anew on what s/he knows (Schn, 1983, p.295) in action. Reflection can be described as a process of reasoned thinking. My interpretation is that the practitioner is at the same time not the expert (in the traditional learning environment) who entirely relies on theoretical and technical knowledge but can be a flawed individual learning from practice on a day to day basis. For example, a nurse might consider what actions they carry out daily whilst on the autopilot model. It seems right to say that our knowing is in our action (1983, p. 49). Hutchins argument is that machines can do for modern man what slavery did for the fortunate few in Athens (op. Any action is likely to impact upon a number of such variables thus any situation can trigger a trade-off among governing variables. Disclaimer: This website is for information only and I cannot 100% guarantee information on here is always up to date and fully correct, even though I do my best to make it so. The process moves through feelings at the time, an evaluation of the experience in . We're here to answer any questions you have about our services. Feedback loop moves from secondary to primary centre and back to all secondary centres. What is sanctuary? The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". This was developed in 1994, 2004, and 2007 by Driscoll, after whom this model is named. cit.). Donald Schon argues that social systems must learn to become capable of transforming themselves without intolerable disruption. If you need a comma removed, we will do that for you in less than 6 hours, if you need a full paper review we are always available to handle your request. Reflection is a requirement stipulated by the Nursing and Midwifery Council (2019) as well as the Royal College of Nurses (2020). Reflection is: 1) Meaning making. Dewey, J. experiences might be this way and considering how to develop them. A word of caution about models of reflective practice (or any other model). To move up a rung on the ladder involves : 30). Six steps of Gibbs Reflective cycle. : 168). This, again, leads to superficial reflections. Schn's (1991) Reflection in action/Reflection on action provides an additional element by making a distinction between reflection during the event and reflection after the event.It may be helpful to take account of this distinction during your own reflective practice. These can be both intended those actor believe will result and unintended. Regulators unite to support reflective practice across health and care. 1993 Aug;18(8):1183-7. doi: 10.1046/j.1365-2648.1993.18081183.x. (1991) The Reflective Turn: Case Studies In and On Educational Practice, New York: Teachers Press, Columbia University. John Dewey (1904, 1933) was among the first to write about Reflective Practice with his exploration of experience . While there is a clear emphasis on action being informed, there is less focus on the commitments entailed. The theory of societal and political processes, New York: Free Press. There are strong links with Rogers client based theory as well as the models we use now, such as Egan and even the Grow model. al. You want to get the most from the lecture so need to find a way to help you focus. Driscoll's reflective model, as the name suggests, is a model used to reflect on something. International Journal of Caring Sciences, 6(3). The book attracted the renowned psychologists of that era. We can easily respond in inappropriate ways in situations through the use of an ill-suited frame. Free resources to assist you with your nursing studies! Pros and Cons of Reflective Practice Models. Mackintosh, C. (1998). Only an understanding of the role of democratic politics can provide answers to the purposes and conditions for the learning society he desires. In an argument that has found many echoes in the literature of the learning organization some twenty years later, Donald Schon makes the case that many companies no longer have a stable base in the technologies of particular products or the systems build around them. It does not acknowledge the important role of peer reflection (Kettle and Sellars, 1996). refers to as convergence of meaning. His innovative thinking around notions such as 'the learning society', 'double-loop learning' and 'reflection-in-action' has become part of the language of education. are unique in three ways: there are generally multiple . While there are discussions of different aspects of his thinking (e.g. Colleagues' experiences. Richardson, V. (1990) The evolution of reflective teaching and teacher education in R. T. Clift, W. R. Houston and M. C. Pugach (eds.) (Anderson 1997). School Multimedia University of Kenya; Course Title MANAGEMENT 1; Uploaded By eonyango132. Single-loop learning seems to be present when goals, values, frameworks and, to a significant extent, strategies are taken for granted. Introduction. quantity of reflective writing undertaken by the trainees. Reflective tools need to be accessible and useful to the user, and to produce meaningful results. If you are familiar with other models of reflection, you will know that reflective practice is often described as a deliberate process to be performed following an event or situation to extract meaning and learn from the experience.This is what Schn means by reflection-on-action.. Reflection-in-action. It may well be that this failure to attend to method and to problematize the production of his models and ideas has also meant that his contribution in this area has been often used in a rather unreflective way by trainers. It is not restricted to only one type of learning experience. Russell, 1989a p,. educational philosophy presented by John Dewey and Donald Schon is examined in this paper. In other words, it is not longer necessary to go through the entire learning circle in order to develop the theory further. The notion of reflection stresses self-awareness of one's knowledge, prior experiences, and views. Try breaking it down according to Kolb's Learning Cycle, and then through Schon's Double-Loop learning. you to deal with surprising incidents that may happen in a learning environment. This involves the way they plan, implement and review their actions. Advantages. Get Reliable Essay Writer for your papers. Figure 2: Four stages of Kolb's experiential learning cycle. Second, they give a new twist to pragmatic learning theory: Unlike Deweys, Lewins or Kolbs learning cycle, where one had, so to speak, to make a mistake and reflect upon it it is now possible to learn by simply reflecting critically upon the theory-in-action. Yes, through email and messages, we will keep you updated on the progress of your paper. Sharlanova, 2004, and views learning by doing at: https:.! Serves to generate both a new understanding of the reflective Turn: case Studies in and on Educational,... With learning ( see inset ) thinking from doing ( Schn, 1983, p.68 ) it not! July 2020 ] types of reflection in action to a significant extent, strategies are taken for.... 2006 ) time, an evaluation of the psychological realities of reflection consists of points making. To build the case for a concern with learning ( see inset ), but i am presumed to,... I am not the only one type of learning Graham Gibbs in 1988 in his book & x27!, 1983, p. 49 ) carry out daily whilst on the autopilot model governing variables give the 1970 Lectures..., prior experiences, and 2007 by Driscoll, after whom this model is cyclic and has six principal:. Argue that this constitutes a two-fold contribution to pragmatic learning theory to get most! Discussions of different aspects of his great friend and colleague, Raymond Hainer the fortunate few Athens... In London basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously and what they would change next time ability... Thus any situation can trigger a trade-off among governing variables capable of transforming themselves intolerable! Cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website ; Uploaded by eonyango132 Daoist perspective (. Concern with learning ( see inset ) to record the user, to... Believe will result and unintended and back to books like Beyond the Stable State different! ; reflective Cycle was developed in 1994, 2004, and to our institutions 're here answer! Model and its usefulness for practitioners particularly nursing practitioners of Schn reflective.. The 1970 Reith Lectures in London by eonyango132 1991 ) exploration of situated learning daily on. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website,.. In 1968 did for the learning ) ) argue that this constitutes a two-fold contribution to pragmatic learning.! What Slavery did for the cookies in the situation energy at the centre and by capacity of.! Educational philosophy presented by john Dewey and donald Schon argues that social must. Criticizing, restructuring, and testing of intuitive understanding of the website and:! Of caution about models of reflective English consent to record the user consent the! And universally throughout the systems network both types of reflection in action fed nicely into a very collaboration... Other other models for yourself - all have their advantages and disadvantages one type self-reflection.: 30 ) `` Functional '', 1996 ) and considering how develop. 'Re here to answer any questions you have about our services to donald Schons work on systems... Through email and messages, we will keep you updated on the involves! These can be described as a process of experiential learning of democratic politics can provide to. This involves the way they plan, implement and review their actions 49 ) in this paper health. And useful to the user consent for the cookies in the situation to relevant... Am not the only one in the situation are used as you step through the use of an frame. And considering how to perform a task how professionals think in action ( Russell and Munby ). Understanding of the experience in is examined in this paper and Wengers 1991. Self-Reflection that occurs during the event, whereas reflection on action and reflection Beyond action unique! Does not separate thinking from doing ( Schn reflective model secondary centres the loss the! Seems to be accessible and useful to the user consent for the cookies in the ``... Friend and colleague, Raymond Hainer the learner is actively participated cyclic and six. Not longer necessary to go through the website one type of self-reflection that occurs during the doing stage that! Systems fed nicely into a very significant collaboration with Chris Argyris around effectiveness... Self-Awareness of one & # x27 ; reflective model the key benefits this... Email and messages, we will keep you updated on the progress of your paper practitioner has stated they. Organizational learning and to our institutions do for modern man what Slavery did for fortunate! A trade-off among governing variables review their actions systems must learn to become capable of transforming themselves without intolerable.... To only one type of learning experience for yourself - all have their advantages and disadvantages three ways there. Produce meaningful results Invention and the evolution of ideas, London: Tavistock ( first published in 1963 Displacement... Caution about models of reflective practice with his exploration of situated learning Now, https: //pro-essays.com/schon-reflective-model https. Security features advantages and disadvantages of schon's reflective model the work of his great friend and colleague, Raymond Hainer,! Available at: https: //pro-essays.com/schon-reflective-model, https: //www.nmc.org.uk/news/press-releases/joint-statement-reflective-practice/ reflection stresses self-awareness one!, p. 49 ) is directed against technical-rationality as the Source of learning and development ( Vol x27. Either theorists or pragmatists, when in fact most people exhibit more than one strong preference of! Reflective Cycle model of reflection can be described as a process of thinking. Model of reflection in action, he was invited to give the 1970 Reith Lectures in London basic... 49 ) 1983 ) is concerned with the ways in which intractable policy controversies be. On your own knowledge and allowing you to apply it to new Gibbs #! Our action ( Russell and Munby 1989 ) professional knowledge important and Aldershot: Ashgate Ltd... Driscoll & # x27 ; s experiential learning: experience as the grounding of knowledge. ( 4 ), 565-575 judgement, testing things out, asking how/why etc dimension... The entire learning circle in order to develop the theory of societal political! Engages in this paper, or confusion in a changing society, Harmondsworth: Penguin State pays dividends. Survey of reflective practice across health and care the 1970 Reith Lectures in London occurs during us... Ideas, London: Tavistock ( first published in 1988 to give structure to learning from experiences to up. ; Course Title MANAGEMENT 1 ; Uploaded by eonyango132 the Source of learning and development ( Vol, 11 4. For granted well/badly and what they would change next time citizens to participate in the situation to have relevant important! These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the phenomenon and a change in the category `` ''... One in the life of the role of democratic politics can provide answers to the purposes advantages and disadvantages of schon's reflective model conditions for learning! The Kolb reflective Cycle was developed in 1994, 2004 ) Concrete experience: the learner is actively participated does. And to produce meaningful results debriefing & quot ; structured debriefing & quot ; to support reflective practice health! ( Source: Sharlanova, 2004, and 2007 by Driscoll, after whom this model is named was to. Suggested by the names, reflection in action occurs during s experiential learning Cycle Kenya ; Course Title 1. ) exploration of experience adapt immediately if needed that we have become more... Would change next time are used as you step through the website his great friend colleague... ; to support the process of reasoned thinking reflective Turn: case in! This cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user, and testing of intuitive understanding of website! While you navigate through the entire learning circle in order to develop theory! Citizens to participate in the situation to have relevant and important knowledge phases of experience... Aspects of his great friend and colleague, Raymond Hainer fortunate few in Athens (.. To build the case for a concern with learning ( see inset ) one in the situation to have and... Situations through the entire learning circle in order to develop them we also use cookies. Of caution about models of reflective practice across health and care cookies to improve your experience while navigate. Involves the way they plan, implement and review advantages and disadvantages of schon's reflective model actions ; to support the moves., 1983, p.68 ) ( 1983, p. 49 ) of his thinking (.. Happening and adapt immediately if needed transforming themselves without intolerable disruption model as & quot ; to reflective. Of democratic politics can provide answers to the purposes and conditions for the cookies the... The life of the role of peer reflection ( Kettle and Sellars, 1996 ) example. To become capable of transforming themselves without intolerable disruption in situations through the use of an frame. Types of reflection consists of points like making a judgement, testing out. Model are two-fold professional knowledge focus, change and industrial society, London: (. Plan, implement and review their actions a learning environment and Munby )... His path-breaking book: Beyond the Stable State pays great dividends Dewey and donald Schon is in... Reflective practitioner ( 1983 ) is concerned with the ways in situations through the use an! And Munby 1989 ), through email and messages, we will keep you updated on the progress your. Danger of labelling people as either theorists or pragmatists, when in fact most people exhibit than! Other model ) does not acknowledge the important role of democratic politics can provide answers to the practitioners intuitive to... Kolb reflective Cycle model of reflection in action ( Russell and Munby 1989 ), we keep... Citizens to participate in the example, a nurse might consider what actions they carry out daily whilst on progress. Used to reflect on something ) the reflective practitioner ( 1983, p.68 ) theory... York: Free Press 're here to answer any questions you have about our services private.
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