According to the first book of Maccabees, one of the Hellenistic kings defiled the temple, forbade circumcision, and even set up altars to his gods. That is, about 170 BC. He also requires Jewish leaders to sacrifice to idols. [38] Various passages call back to Biblical passages such as Joshua's conquests or the battle of David and Goliath and equate the Hasmoneans' deeds with the earlier stories. If it really was originally written in Greek, then the author was intentionally imitating Hebrew style in Greek. The rededication of the Jerusalem Temple described in 4:3659 (see 2Mc 10:18) is the origin of the Jewish feast of Hanukkah. Acts of the Apostles. VERSE 32. The rebellion began under the leadership of the Jewish priest Mattathias after Antiochus sought to stamp out Judaism by forbidding all Jewish practices and desecrating the temple (167 bc). The Maccabees books were preserved only by the Christian church. As we know, those who have left this world and enjoy the beatific vision, in the same act of charity in which they love God, are also praying for their brothers, who are members of the Church like themselves. perhaps even Sadducean, tendency interpenetrates the entire work" (Fischer, 4:441) and the "author of 1 Maccabees identifies unreservedly with the rebels and their leaders." (Efron, 47; Sievers, 2). First Maccabees can be divided as follows: Copyright 2019-2023 USCCB, please review our Privacy Policy. It was included in standard printed Christian Bibles in the deuterocanon section. And the saying was good in their eyes. And on the fifteenth day of Chislev, in the hundred and forty and fifth year, they built an abomination of desolation upon the altar, and in the cities of Judah on every side they built idol altars. Not only the leaders, but also circumcised infants and their mothers are killed as a warning to others. The sacred writers purpose is to build up the morale of the Jews. And there came exceedingly great wrath upon Israel. 1 After Alexander son of Philip, the Macedonian, who came from the land of Kittim, had defeated[ a] King Darius of the Persians and the Medes, he succeeded him as king. VERSE 1. Maccabees , (fl. [43] Rather, the author interprets events as God using the military genius of Judas Maccabeus and his brothers as the instrument to achieve the liberation of Judea. The name Maccabee, probably meaning "hammer," is actually applied in the Books of Maccabees to only one man, Judas, third son of the priest Mattathias and first leader of the revolt against the Seleucid kings who persecuted the Jews (1 Mc 2:4, 66; 2 Mc 8:5, 16; 10:1, 16).Traditionally the name has come to be extended to the brothers of Judas, his supporters . It is accepted in the Catholic and Orthodox canons. The Second Book of the Maccabees. Flavius Josephus, the first century Jewish historian, carries the story forward; only he gives the surname Hasmoneus, which applies to the successors of the early Maccabees up to Aristobulus II. The author of I Maccabees, likely the Hasmonean court historian, wrote his history during the high priesthood (135/134104 bce) of John Hyrcanus I, son and successor of Simon. I Maccabees presents a historical account of political, military, and diplomatic events from the time of Judaeas relationship with Antiochus IV Epiphanes of Syria (reigned 175164/163 bce) to the death (135/134 bce) of Simon Maccabeus, high priest in Jerusalem. He imposes a tax and establishes a fortress for his soldiers in Jerusalem. The revolt is also known by the name Maccabee, after the most renowned of Mattathias's sons . The Book of 1 Maccabees CPDV summary. 1:8 And his servants bare rule every one in his place. Ptolemy, a loyal general of Alexanders, was made satrap of Egypt in 323 when Alexander died, and in 304 he assumed the title of king, annexing Cyprus, Palestine, and the Lebanon. When Mattathias died, the revolt was led by his son Judas, or Judah Maccabee, as he is often called. At Explore the Faith, I share insights into the Bible and theological writings. His son, Ptolemy III Euergetes, extended his empire into Persia. by Daniel R. Schwartz. Hardcover; 9780300159936; Published: Tuesday, 26 Apr 2022; $85.00. After Judass death, the war continued intermittently under his brothers Jonathan and Simon. They will not sin in order to save their lives. In general, its chronology coheres with that of I Maccabees. In general, its chronology coheres with that of I Maccabees. 1 The Simon mentioned above as the informer against the funds and against his country began slandering Onias, insinuating that the latter had been responsible for the assault on Heliodorus and himself had contrived this misfortune. In 165 BC the Temple is freed and reconsecrated, so that ritual sacrifices may begin again. [40] Jews who complain about Judas's activities "bring to the king an accusation against the people". Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. John R. Bartlett argues for somewhere between 11090 BCE. [11][12], The title "1 Maccabees" is not the original title of the work. 1:10 And there came out of them a wicked root Antiochus surnamed Epiphanes, son of Antiochus the It later became a title given to the rebels as a whole around the 3rd-5th century AD, hence the Septuagint naming the works as books of the Maccabees. We will be talking about events that happened in the second century, which took place in Judea located in the Syrian empire. Antipathy toward the Seleucid-friendly Hellenizing Jews is unsurprising, as they were enemies in war, but 1 Maccabees extends criticism to internal Jewish opponents of the Hasmoneans as well. The time period described is from around 170 BC to 134 BC. His purpose in writing is to record the deliverance of Israel that God worked through the family of Mattathias (5:62)especially through his three sons, Judas, Jonathan, and Simon, and his grandson, John Hyrcanus. for the first and 124 B.C. The second book overlaps with the first, starting earlier. He also confirms alliances with both Rome and Sparta (1 Macc. VERSE 59. Omissions? The victory of the Jews over their Greek oppressors loomed large in the popular imagination of the Jews of Jesus day. It purports to be a historical account of the repression and miraculous salvation of Egyptian Jewry during the reign (221205 bce) of Ptolemy IV Philopator. But they did not belong to the family of those men through whom deliverance was given to Israel. 2 Kings. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. This was a mighty defeat for Egypt. According to 1 Maccabees, there were some early groups of Jewish rebels who refused to fight on the Sabbath, and perished accordingly (1 Maccabees 2:29-38) until the Maccabean patriarch Mattathias decided to change the law and permit defensive warfare on the Sabbath (2:39-41). The later Jewish historian Josephus most likely used some form of this text in writing his account of the Maccabean revolt. Book of Daniel. [20] The book is not written in colloquial "common" Koine Greek of the 2nd century BC, but rather a more archaic style of Greek consciously imitative of the style of older scriptures. he spoke words in subtlety. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. And it was the chief propaganda instrument of those non-practicing Jews who were trying to introduce Gentile customs into Israel. The doctrine expressed in the book reflects traditional Jewish teaching, without later doctrines found, for example, in 2 Maccabees. III Maccabees has no relation to the other three books of Maccabees, all of which deal with the revolt of Judaea against Antiochus IV Epiphanes. Though initially hailed as liberators, the Selucid family wasted no time in leaving their mark upon Judea. 1 Maccabees is a deuterocanonical book written by a Jewish author and included in the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox canons of the Bible. VERSE 24. The author is anonymous, but he probably wrote in the newly independent Hasmonean kingdom after the success of the Maccabean Revolt in the late 2nd century BC. According to all these words wrote he to his whole kingdom; and he appointed overseers over all the people, and he commanded the cities of Judah to sacrifice, city by city. And they led captive the women and the children, and the cattle they took in possession. 3 So he advanced to the ends of the earth . VERSE 58. The Seleucid ruler Antiochus IV Epiphanes eventually comes to rule over Syria. After the destruction of the Temple of Jerusalem in 70 C.E., Judaism regrouped under the leadership of the rabbis. The Hasmoneans were not an obvious choice to be rulers; they did not descend from the priestly line of Zadok that had taken the office of High Priest for generations at the point of the Maccabean Revolt. 1 Maccabees covers this entire 40-year period. Unlike the Second Book of Maccabees, there is no doctrine of individual immortality except in the survival of ones name and fame, nor does the book express any messianic expectation, though messianic images are applied historically to the days of Simon (1Mc 14:417). The First Book of Maccabees, originally written in Hebrew during the last part of thesecond century b.c.e.,1 can be read, among other things, as the story of the 1 CarlL.W. The big question from this period is the question of self-definition. ALEXANDER THE GREAT. Naturally, any account of the war of liberation led by Judas Maccabeus would have this effect and would show that victory was due to Gods powerful aid (2:19-22). It tells the story of how the Greek ruler Antiochus IV Epiphanes attempted to suppress Temple worship and to destroy the practice of Jewish law. The history presented is very accurate, comparing favorably to pagan historians such as Livy or Tacitus. Mattathias and His Sons. Pre-modern translations of the work were made in Latin, Syriac, and Armenian. In an effort to enforce unity, he attempts to suppress the public observance of Jewish religious laws. Later Jewish leaders thought poorly of the rule of the Hasmonean dynasty for several reasons, and a document so openly celebratory of them was problematic. It tells how the Greek ruler Antiochus IV Epiphanes attempted to suppress the practice of basic Jewish religious law, resulting in the Hasmonean revolt against Seleucid rule. The festival of Hanukkah is instituted by Judas Maccabeus and his brothers to celebrate this event (1 Maccabees 4:59). Some even engage in foreskin restoration. That is, his heart became proud and arrogant (NAB translation). The book is not part of the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) and is not considered canonical by Protestant denominations nor in any of the major branches of Judaism. The festival of Hanukkah is instituted (1 Macc. After successfully invading the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt, Antiochus IV captures Jerusalem and removes the sacred objects from the Temple in Jerusalem, slaughtering many Jews. "Exodus ch. That is, they covered over their circumcision. The school of philosophy seen in 1 Maccabees is often thought to be a predecessor to the philosophy of the Sadducees in later eras. These include four laments and three hymns of praise. He extensively uses the first thirteen chapters of it in Books 12 and 13 of his work Jewish Antiquities, paraphrasing it directly in parts, although supplementing it with other Greek histories such as Nicolaus of Damascus. Modin. In 168 BC, he desecrates the Temple by setting up an "abomination of desolation" (establishing rites of pagan observance in the Temple, or sacrificing an unclean animal on the altar in the Holy of Holies). [note 2] All agree that the book was written before 63 BC, as the author shows great admiration toward Rome and does not know of the Roman general Pompey conquering Jerusalem and reducing the Hasmonean kingdom to a client state of the Roman Republic in that year. With the advent of the printing press that obviated the need for scribes to manually and repeatedly copy such works, 1 Maccabees became more widely available. And at the doors of the houses and in the streets they burned incense. This caused the Maccabean revolt, led by Mattathias and his sons. 2 Maccabees - Chapter 4. The persecution of Antiochus IV presumably radicalized the Jews. Let us know if you have suggestions to improve this article (requires login). And Alexander reigned twelve years, and he died. View all posts by todd. 1:7 So Alexander reigned twelves years, and then died. In the Church of England's lectionary of 1922 in the Book of Common Prayer, 1st Maccabees is appointed annually to be read in late summer/early autumn. 1 Maccabees was probably written in Jerusalem, but 3 and 4 Maccabees derive from the diaspora. Simon is succeeded by his son, John, referred to by Josephus as John Hyrcanus. The setting of the book is about a century after the conquest of Judea by the Greeks under Alexander the Great, when the country was part of the Greek . Some Protestants include the book as biblical apocrypha, material useful for background and edification but that is not canonical. Journey through the Bible, one book at a time, with the 2nd edition of our Books of the Bible journal. 1-2 Thessalonians. In the year 142 BCE, after more than 500 years of subjugation, the Jews were again masters of their own fate. When he died his widow, Alexandra, married his elder brother, Alexander Janneus, and she remained on the throne while her son Hyrcanus II was high priest. 20 And now we have . were recognized by the Fathers as inspired, there is an interim stage where souls are purified. A Greek version of the text was printed for the first time in 15141517 in the Complutensian Polyglot Bible. Scholarly estimates for the date of authorship include: Roman Missal, Lectionary, Revised Edition approved for use in the dioceses of England and Wales, Scotland, Ireland, published by Collins, Geoffrey Chapman and Veritas, 1981, 1982, volumes 2 and 3, The Revolt of the Maccabees: The True Story Behind Hanukkah, "The date of the first Book of Maccabees", "MACCABEES, THE - JewishEncyclopedia.com", "The Original Language of 1 Maccabees: A Reexamination,", "1 Maccabees, the first book of Maccabees", Session IV Celebrated on the eighth day of April, 1546 under Pope Paul III, The First Book of Machabees Liber I Machaborum, Erran Baron Cohen Presents: Songs in the Key of Hanukkah, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1_Maccabees&oldid=1141777926, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, 3:1 to 9:22, under the leadership of Judas Maccabeus, 9:23 to 12:53, under the leadership of Jonathan, Chapters 1316, under the leadership of Simon. After the death of Alexander the Great (323 B.C.) [67] and Knox Bible.[68]. The author exhibits a personal interest in the events, but presents them as accurately as possible given his own commitment to the Maccabean dynasty as instituted by God. These heroes of the faith will not forsake the One God. All this shows that these inspired books are well worth prayerful reading, particularly the second, which provides us with many edifying examples especially the humility which leads its protagonists to trust in God, their fortitude in defending their faith, their patience in dealing with obstacles to observance of the Law, and their deep piety, as shown in their prayer for their dead comrades. Despite this, the book is not included as canon in the Tanakh. Rather, it comes from the Septuagint, which gave it that title to distinguish it from the other books of the Maccabees. VERSE 60. Sign up for our short, weekly email about how we're inviting people to discover the Bible. Greece. 1 After Alexander son of Philip, the Macedonian, who came from the land of Kittim, had defeateda King Darius of the Persians and the Medes, he succeeded him as king. He relented after angels intervened on behalf of the Jews. He reports the calamities the Jewish people experience on account of their sins, while also stressing the role played by God in his providence, who watches over them as he promised he would (cf. 2 Maccabees is harder to date but many scholars locate it in the early first century bc. His brother Simon succeeds him in 142 B.C.E., receiving the double office of high priest and ruler of Israel (1 Maccabees 14:41). Origen of Alexandria (253),[52] Augustine of Hippo (c.397AD),[53] Pope Innocent I (405),[54][55] Synod of Hippo (393),[56] the Council of Carthage (397),[57] the Council of Carthage (419),[58] the Apostolic Canons,[59] the Council of Florence (1442)[60] and the Council of Trent (1546)[61] listed the first two books of Maccabees as canonical. They are in the Public Domain. The surviving Greek script has Hebraisms and Hebrew idioms. To cite this article click here for a list of acceptable citing formats.The history of earlier contributions by wikipedians is accessible to researchers here: The history of this article since it was imported to New World Encyclopedia: Note: Some restrictions may apply to use of individual images which are separately licensed. The two Books of Maccabees contain independent accounts of events (in part identical) that accompanied the attempted suppression of Judaism in Palestine in the second century B.C. The book covers the whole of the revolt, from 175 to 134 B.C.E., emphasizing how the salvation of the Jewish people in this crisis came through the family of a zealous priest named Mattathias, particularly his sons, Judas Maccabeus, Jonathan, and Simon, and his grandson, John Hyrcanus. The [] The rabbinical sages of this period had learned from experience that revolt against the Gentiles (in this case the Romans) brought disaster. The period of peace and prosperity is celebrated in a biblical-style poetic passage, the "Eulogy of Simon",[36] which Rappaport considers to be "one of the most important poetic passages in 1 Maccabees".[37]. In Hebrew, the first letters of this four word slogan form the acronym MKBY. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. 1 and 2 Maccabees are set during the reign of the Seleucid Greek empire (the part of the Greek empire that found its roots in Syria). VERSE 5. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. his heart was lifted up. 2 Maccabees, instead of covering later years, shines a microscope on the first fifteen years of the same period, drawing its own lessons (which I . Buy Also Available At: . Many Jews adopt a policy of accommodation with him in the interest of maintaining peace with the Gentiles, and others openly embrace the Hellenistic culture he introduces. 1 and 2 Maccabees are set during the reign of the Seleucid Greek empire (the part of the Greek empire that found its roots in Syria). And he took the spoils of the city, and set it on fire, and pulled down the houses thereof and the walls thereof on every side. [50] He also cites the fact that it makes various "admissions against interest" such as openly describing rebel military defeats, unlike 2 Maccabees which obscures or omits such matters. The title of 1 and 2 Maccabees is taken from the surname of Judas (1 Mace. The Writer gives his final summary. As noted above, if ancient manuscripts of the hypothesized original Hebrew version existed, they have been lost. This might mean the women were forcibly tattooed. First Maccabees (written circa 134-104 BCE and describing the period of 166-135 BCE) is devoted to presenting the Maccabean dynasty, from Mattathias through his son Judah, to Jonathan and Simon who became high priests and gained political independence.. First Maccabees was written in Hebrew (though it is only preserved today in Greek) for a Judean audience in a Biblical style that emphasizes . These translations have no copyright restrictions. If the consequences are good, they say is OK to do anything that is necessary. Traditionally the name has come to be extended to the brothers of Judas, his supporters, and even to other Jewish heroes of the period, such as the seven brothers (2Mc 7). VERSE 31. VERSE 38. [32] Ultimately the relationship between Jonathan and Demetrius breaks down: Maccabees' opinion is that Demetrius "broke his word about all that he had promised; he became estranged from Jonathan and did not repay the favors that Jonathan had done him, but treated him very harshly". 2 He fought many battles, captured fortresses, and put the kings of the earth to death. 504 Pages, 6.12 x 9.25 in, 2 b-w illus. 1 Maccabees A New Translation with Introduction and Commentary. He will make a firm covenant with many for one week. That is, a gymnasium. 1 a After Alexander the Macedonian, Philip's son, who came from the land of Kittim, * had defeated Darius, king of the Persians and Medes, he became king in his place, having first ruled in Greece. Chapter 16. And from the people were gathered together to them many, every one that had forsaken the law; and they did evil things in the land; VERSE 53. and they made israel to hide themselves in every place of refuge which they had. The author seeks to promote the view that the Hasmoneans were indeed God's new chosen and would-be rulers in line with heroes of the Hebrew Bible. VERSE 41. [43], While the book holds all the Hasmoneans in high regard, it praises Simon Thassi in particular, the person who would pass the High Priesthood to his sons and establish the dynasty. Jerome likewise claims "the first book of Maccabees I have found to be Hebrew, the second is Greek, as can be proved from the very style" (per Prologus Galeatus). Compare 1 Maccabees 10:65. 1 Maccabees 1:54. And they stored up arms and food, and gathering together the spoils of Jerusalem, they laid them up there, and they became a sore snare: VERSE 36. and it became a place to lie in wait in against the sanctuary, and an evil adversary to Israel continually. 1 Maccabees is the most extensive source of information on events in Judea from 175 to 135. 1 Maccabees is a deuterocanonical book written by a Jewish author and included in the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox canons of the Bible. VERSE 23. On his journey, the son Tobias meets Sarah, who is afflicted by a demon. II Maccabees focuses on the Jews' revolt against Antiochus and concludes with the defeat of the Syrian general Nicanor in 161 bce by Judas Maccabeus, the hero of the work. Purpose of The Book of 1 Maccabees: The purpose in writing 1 Maccabees Book is to record the deliverance of Israel that God worked through the family of Mattathias (5:62) - especially through his three sons, Judas, Jonathan, and Simon, and his grandson, John Hyrcanus. Many scholars suggest that these Church Fathers may have had access to a Biblical Aramaic paraphrase of the workmost Christians writers of the time did not distinguish between Hebrew and Aramaic. First Maccabees covers the efforts of the Jewish people to regain their freedom following the desecration of the temple by Antiochus IV Epiphanes. Grimm indicates the time span for when the book could have been written to be from 105-64 b.c.e. VERSE 1. Judas's brother Simon Thassi is declared High Priest by will of the Jewish people. It is probably a Greek translation of a Hebrew account of Israel's independence struggle between 174 and 134 bc.Similarly little is known about the author of 2 Maccabees, although it is clear that he was not the same person as the author of 1 Maccabees. (Jason of Cyrene was a Hellenized Jew who wrote a five-volume history on the times of the Maccabees. And he took the silver and the gold and the precious vessels; and he took the hidden treasures which he found. When, therefore, you see the abomination of desolation, which was spoken of through Daniel the prophet, standing in the holy place (let the reader understand). The Maccabees formed the Hasmonean dynasty. He was familiar with the traditions and sacred books of his people and had access to much reliable information on their recent history (from 175 to 134 B.C.). And after two full years the king sent a chief collector of tribute to the cities of Judah, and he came to Jerusalem with a great multitude. Simon, who was called Thassi; Pope Damasus I's Council of Rome in 382, if the Gelasian Decree is correctly associated with it, issued a biblical canon identical with the list given at Trent including the two books of Maccabees. That said, the author is still proud of forging alliances with others, citing negotiations with the Roman Republic and Sparta. Many observant Jews flee from the capital, but others readily accept Antiochus' policies. In 15141517 in the second century, which took place in Judea located in the Catholic and canons... 'S activities `` bring to the philosophy of the Sadducees in later eras Maccabees is often thought to be 105-64... The Catholic and Eastern Orthodox canons of the Temple of Jerusalem in 70 C.E., Judaism regrouped the... Not belong to the ends of the Jews over their Greek oppressors loomed large the... Was probably written in Greek it that title to distinguish it from surname! 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