He joined the group after he was released from prison in 1952 and ministered at several . [41] 15,000 years ago, these ancient scientistswho had knowledge of the futurewrote their knowledge down in a text, the Mother Book. Portrait of Allah the Father, a one-time member of the Nation of Islam who split from the group in 1963. In fact, we had gone above and beyond the one-verse threshold, reciting the entire first chapter of Matthew, genealogy and all, to the surprise of every adult listening. This entailed breeding new children, with those who were too dark being killed at birth and their bodies being fed to wild animals or incinerated. [95], The Nation interprets many of the problems facing the African American community in this light, for instance, Farrakhan has claimed that the white establishment has encouraged a black gang culture to provide an excuse for the police killing of black youths,[96] and that they are also responsible for flooding black-majority urban areas with drugs. They will discuss similarities and differences, and the roles of these views in . In the 1970s Elijah Muhammad was succeeded by his son, Wallace D. Muhammad (1933-2008), who renamed . "[182] To this end, the Nation holds regular open meetings, mass rallies, street-corner lectures, and prison outreach. [173], Those attending meetings will sometimes be searched by members of the Fruit of Islam (FOI) or the Muslim Girl's Training group, who look both for weapons and for objects like cosmetics and cigarettes which are disapproved of. Four other congregations with female pastors were also determined to be not in friendly cooperation with the SBC, as well as one removed over its abuse response. [265] In 1923, Poole and his wife Clara relocated to Detroit, where they settled in the black ghetto of Paradise Valley. [375] Elijah Muhammad declared that Takahashi was teaching African Americans that "the Japanese were brothers and friends of the American Negroes". [183], Members are encouraged to make the hajj pilgrimage to Mecca;[184] Elijah Muhammad himself did so three times. [45] As his helpers, he created more black men and took his place on a council of 24 imams; 12 greater and 12 lesser. 41:06. 3. Nicholas Buccola (Goodreads Author) (shelved 1 time as nation-of-islam) avg rating 4.49 854 ratings published 2019. [141] In 2007, the scholar of religion Lawrence A. Mamiya suggested that there were then around 50,000 members of the Nation. [68] He claimed that the Tribe were Muslim and that their language was Arabic. [91], The subjugation of African Americans is thus seen as part of an ancient white conspiracy. [9], According to the Nation's teachings, Yakub's newly created white race sowed discord among the black race, and thus were exiled to live in the caves of Europe. Louis Theroux Weird Weekends S01E04 - Wrestling. African Muslims were among the Spanish expeditions that explored the continent during the early modern period, and were also among the many enslaved people transported there via the Atlantic slave trade of the 16th to 19th centuries. [364], From its early days, the Nation used print media to promote its ideas, including the magazines Muhammad Speaks (196175) and The Final Call. He retained the Nation's themes of black pride, healthy diets, sexual modesty, and economic self-determination. Corrections? [261] He also urged his followers to listen to the radio sermons of the Watch Tower Society and Baptist fundamentalists. "[321] Black nationalism was abandoned,[322] and the ban on white people joining the Nation was lifted. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. White angels. He also expanded the movement internationally, opening centres in England and Ghana. [185], The Nation requests that new members change any names inherited from slave-owners who owned their ancestors as a declaration of mental emancipation. 1 of 5 stars 2 of 5 stars 3 of 5 stars 4 of 5 stars 5 of 5 stars. [10], The Nation draws heavily on both Christianity and Islam, although it interprets the Bible and Quran differently from Christians or mainstream Muslims. How to sort out the many disparities between the genealogies of Matthew and Luke. After converting, my father placed our family under the authority of the nations leader, Elijah Muhammad. [252] The Nation has since taught that he was born in Mecca on February 26, 1877, the son of a black father and white mother; in their view, he was Allah himself.[253]. An estimated 10,000 to 50,000 people are members of the Nation of Islam. [69] In the Nation's discourse, these early humans are labelled "black",[48] described as having dark skin as well as smooth, straight hair, closely resembling dark-complexioned Arabians or South Asians rather than Sub-Saharan Africans. After Elijah Muhammad, the Nation of Islam leader, died in 1975, his son, Warith Deen Mohammed, began instructing his followers in a new set of beliefs, including ideas about the afterlife, while . The Nation teaches that there has been a succession of mortal gods, each a black man named Allah, of whom Fard Muhammad is the most recent. [299], Malcolm X went on the hajj pilgrimage to Mecca, where he came across white Muslims, an experience that shifted him from his total hostility to white people. As a nation of people we are the first in existence and . [389] On that tour, he also attended annual celebrations of the Iranian Revolution in Tehran;[390] he visited Iran again in 2018. By Ishaq Husseini. Ali stated: 'We as Muslims have to stand . Howard Ayers, a member of the Nation of Islam, grew up in Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn. [224], The Nation also has a longstanding record of involvement in civic, economic, and political activities outside the strictly religious arena. (The nation thought of North America as a kind of wilderness from which Fard had come to rescue us.) [36] Over the course of its history it has for instance adopted additional elements from mainstream Islam,[3] and Farrakhan's second Nation also bears some distinct differences from its predecessor.[10]. The Nation of Islam is a religious group. Louis Theroux Weird Weekends S01E09 - Black Nationalists. [385][386][387][388] In 1996, Farrakhan embarked on a tour of Africa and the Middle East, meeting with leaders including Gaddafi, Ghana's Jerry Rawlings, Nigeria's Sani Abacha, South Africa's Nelson Mandela, and Iraq's Saddam Hussein. [186] This is not considered necessary if the new member has a name that is already African in origin. [197] Women are commanded to dress modestly;[164] they are not permitted to wear trousers and are encouraged to cover their heads, although the latter is deemed optional. Islam was brought to the United States by enslaved African Muslims, and it retained a real if minuscule presence in the country throughout the 19th century. Wallace, who had been deeply influenced by Malcolm X and orthodox Islam, soon initiated a transformation of the Nation, changing its name to World Community of al-Islam in the West and again in 1978 to the American Muslim Mission and gradually dropping its racial and nationalist doctrines as well as its belief in Fard as Allah. [207] The Nation has created many companies,[206] including the Salaam restaurant chain, the Shabazz bakeries, the Fashahnn Islamic clothing range, the Clean 'N Fresh skin and haircare products, Abundant Life Clinics, and in Chicago it owns a mall. The Nation has proven to be particularly successful at converting prisoners. [284] He was released in August 1946,[285] at which point he found the Nation's membership had declined. White everything. Clarence 13X founded the . [458] Those outside the movement have often seen its teachings as illogical and irrational. [210] It also seeks the collective economic advancement of African Americans through individual achievement;[211] various women members created their own businesses, sometimes run from the home. This broadcast came five years after the historic Brown decision, three years after the launching of the successful Montgomery bus boycott, and one year before black students would begin the "lunch counter" phase of the civil rights movement. Southern Baptist Convention Disfellowships Saddleback Church, Complete access to articles on ChristianityToday.com, Over 120 years of magazine archives plus full access to all of CTs online archives. [22] The Nation sees itself as part of the Islamic world,[3] although it has little in common with mainstream forms of Islam. Jonker 1997 describes death rituals by contrasting the funeral of Muhammad with the funeral of an immigrant . The FBI's FOIA Library contains many files of public interest and historical value. [40] Also conflicting with mainstream Islam is the NOI's claim that there is no afterlife;[55] Elijah Muhammad wrote that "when you are dead, you are DEAD. Ali joined the Nation of Islam in 1964 (Picture: EPA/EPA) His statement, released to NBC News, also criticised Donald Trump, without naming him directly. Islam was brought to the United States by enslaved African Muslims, and it retained a real if minuscule presence . [312] This included sowing discord between the Nation and the Black Panther Party, encouraging several incidents in which Black Panthers attacked NOI newspaper sellers. [83] In this narrative, it was in Europe that the white race engaged in bestiality and degenerated, resulting in the emergence of apes and monkeys. Farrakhan's inability to grow the Nation's ranks indicates that sympathy with his critiques of . And it wasnt Fard or Elijah Muhammad who came to find and rescue meit was Jesus. [332] Born in the Bronx to Caribbean migrants, Farrakhan had been a nightclub singer prior to joining the original Nation in 1955. [422], The NOI has repeatedly been accused of antisemitism, an accusation that it has denied. [182] Increasingly exposed to Sunni Islam, Elijah Muhammad drew more elements from it into the Nation,[287] and also undertook the hajj pilgrimage to Mecca three times, in 1959, 1967, and 1971. [374] Takahashi lived with an officer of the Nation for a time and also married a former member. [198] Vegetarianism is encouraged among members, although not obligatory,[199] with Elijah Muhammad writing that "meat was never intended for man to eat. [301] In light of these experiences, in March 1964 he left the Nation and became a Sunni Muslim. [353] Damon Richardson is the founder of UrbanLogia Ministries. The Nation is black separatist,[130] rejecting the integration of the black and white races. Black Muslim leader Elijah Muhammad surrounded by members of the Fruits of Islam, speaks at a convention in Chicago, Illinois. [290] This press criticism backfired, giving the group significant attention and assisting its recruitment. NPR's Robert Siegel spoke with Mufti Asif Umar, a Muslim scholar and imam of the Islamic Foundation of Greater St. Louis, about what Muslims believe and about his own beliefs. Alternate titles: American Muslim Mission, Black Muslim movement, Muslim American Society, World Community of Al-Islam in the West, Distinguished Professor of American Religious History, Institute for Studies in Religion, Baylor University; Director, Institute for the Study of American Religion, Woodway, Texas. Malcolm had been assassinated only seven years earlier, and no one dared mention his name, almost as if there were an unspoken rule forbidding it. Growing up within the Nation of Islam, I was exposed to certain beliefs that, in retrospect, seem quite bizarre. [371] Some incarcerated members have claimed to have experienced discriminatory treatment from prison authorities because of their religion. [269] The police then raided the Nation's headquarters and arrested Fard Muhammad. [406] The Nation was active in prison ministry by the 1950s, with its numbers of imprisoned followers rising steadily in the latter part of that decade;[407] many of its members, including Malcolm X, were recruited while in prison. [80] Elijah Muhammad repeatedly referred to the white man as the devil. Sometimes we would look up at the night sky, spot the lights of planes flying at high altitudes, and wonder if we had caught a glimpse of the Mother Plane. According to the nations leaders, this was a spacecraft equipped by Allah to destroy the world and its white ruling structures in what they called the Battle in the Sky, a reference to Armageddon. Following Fard's mysterious disappearance in 1934, Elijah Muhammad took over as the leader of the NOI. Members seeking to retain Elijah Muhammad's teachings re-established the Nation of Islam under Louis Farrakhan's leadership in 1977. [310], In 1972, the NOI bought the St. Constantine Greek Orthodox Church in Chicago and transformed it into their headquarters temple, Mosque Maryam,[182] and by 1974 it had either temples or study groups in every U.S. state and the District of Columbia. The Nation of Gods and Earths is an Afrikan centered Black Islamic community-based organization . [181] This is the date on which the organization holds its annual national convention. [174] Services typically begin with the statement "As-salamu alaykum" (peace be upon you), with the congregation responding "Wa 'alaikum As-salam" (and also upon you). Omissions? [343] It was able to buy much of the property owned by its predecessor, including the Chicago Palace and the Stoney Island Mosque. [273][274] Rumours spread that he had moved to Europe or that he had been killed, either by the police or by ex-followers of his. [73] The Nation teaches that all descendants of the Original Race were Muslims by their intrinsic nature, but that many created heretical deviations such as Hinduism;[74] some of those who broke Islamic rules were exiled from Asia-Africa to North America, where they became the continent's native population. [207], It owns various clothing stores and food markets. His wisdom is infinite; capable of accomplishing anything that His brain can conceive. [194], This signifies their willingness to abide to the strict rules of the organisation and their renunciation of much personal choice. [106], The NOI is millenarian,[107] believing that humanity is living in end times. Stay up to date on news and events related to the Nation of Islam including announcements, statements, briefs, conference news and more. [256] The NOI reject the identification of Fard Muhammad as Ford, claiming that the FBI forged the fingerprint evidence. Leaman 2006 and Waardenburg 2001 provide encyclopedia articles on death in the Quran, while Hussain 2009 provides a more general overview of death in Islam. [317] As leader, Wallace Muhammad launched what he called a "Second Resurrection" in the movement. 3 Pages. [392] Malcolm X revealed that the Nation had held meetings with representatives of the Ku Klux Klan (KKK) and the American Nazi Party (ANP). [101], Christianity is seen as "white man's religion. He was in prison at the time. The NOI also engaged in recurring conflicts with other Islamic groups that had predominantly black memberships. While doing any ordinary routine of your daily life, being a Muslim and so believing that you are doing it for the sake of God will gain you points in your account. [460] This is the view taken by groups like the Federation of Islamic Associations of the United States and Canada, which have distanced themselves from the Nation. While the NOI and Farrakhan have been portrayed in dominant white society and mainstream media as being militant, racist, separatist, dangerous, bigot, the prophet of hate and anti-Semitic; among significant sections of the black press, and among African Americans and African Caribbeans, the movement and its leader and members have been highly respected and regarded as role models for the youth and as the vocal voice, savior and spokesmen of oppressed people. [86] They reject the Christian belief that Jesus was God, that he was the product of a virgin birth, or that he was crucified and resurrected.[87]. [189] Various historical and scientific errors have been identified in the claims of its leaders;[459] mainstream scientists, and much of the wider public, regard its mythological accounts as being pseudo-scientific. The official Nation of Islam app features live and on-demand programs and events including inspirational and insightful messages from the Honorable Minister Louis Farrakhan and Nation of Islam Student Ministers. All the prophets preached the same universal message of belief in one God and kindness to humanity. [335], Farrakhan presented himself as Elijah Muhammad's true successor;[336] his followers described Wallace Muhammad's leadership as "the Fall. [25] For the Nation, he takes on the traditional roles of God, the Mahdi, and the Messiah. [272] Under Elijah Muhammad's leadership, the NOI relocated its headquarters to Chicago. Elijah Muhammad, Message to the Black Man, 1965[37], The sociologist of religion David V. Barrett noted that the Nation's theology is "very distinct" and "extremely detailed. [98] The Nation is openly critical of U.S. aggression towards countries with non-white majorities, especially when those countries also have Muslim majorities. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. It was founded in Detroit, Michigan, in 1930 by Master Fard Muhammad.The main goal of the Nation of Islam is to bring back the spiritual, mental, social and economic condition of blacks in the United States.Since 1981, the group has been led by Louis Farrakhan. Born Malcolm Little, he discovered the Nation while in prison; following his release in 1952 he rose swiftly through its hierarchy. Nation of Islam leader Louis Farrakhan speaks from behind a layer of glass on the steps of the U.S. Capitol at a rally billed as "Justice or Else" to mark the 20th anniversary of the Million . [165], Although Nation members are allowed to marry non-members,[162] the group stipulates that they should only marry other black people,[166] claiming that sex with white women emasculates black men. [452] Similarly positive assessments of the Nation's efforts have been observed among black communities in Britain. [59] Each of these imams takes a turn being god for one cycle each. [207] Since the 1980s, it has also sought government contracts,[208] and in 1988, it established the Security Agency Incorporated, which provided FOI patrols for clients. The move toward orthodoxy was rejected by some former members, including Elijah Muhammads brother, John Muhammad, and national leader Silis Muhammad. [43] It teaches that although this founder disappeared in 1934, he had secretly moved to Mecca and would live for another 409 years. 40:47. It reemerged at the beginning of the 20th century as a result of the efforts of the Amadiyyah movement, an unorthodox sect founded in India by Mirza Ghulam Ahmad (c. 18391908), and of Shaikh Ahmed Faisal (18911980), the Moroccan-born leader of an independent Black Muslim movement. To this end, the Nation has established its own educational system. Among those associated with the Moorish Science Temple was a peddler named Wallace D. Fard (or Wali Fard Muhammad). He produced a new sacred text, The Holy Koran, that bears little resemblance to its namesake and was based on his limited knowledge of Islam and on spiritualist teachings. [341] In 1981, Farrakhan's Nation held its first convention,[342] and its membership began to increase rapidly in the mid-1980s. [77] The myth of Yakub presents the white race as being degenerate,[28] sub-human,[78] and bereft of divinity. Browse 2,267 nation of islam stock photos and images available, or search for fruit of islam or malcolm x to find more great stock photos and pictures. [1] While based in the U.S., the Nation has also established either a presence or influence in all parts of the world where there is a dense clustering of the African diaspora. [415] By 1960, its membership was being estimated at between 30,000 and 100,000;[281] in his 1961 study of the group, the scholar C. Eric Lincoln suggested the higher estimate. [188], In its early decades, the Nation's appeal was strongest in poor African American neighborhoods. Setting itself against the white-dominated society of the United States, the NOI campaigns for the creation of an independent African American nation-state, and calls for African Americans to be economically self-sufficient and separatist. Muslims are forbidden to take part in the act of cremation in any way, including witnessing the event or even stating approval of it. [28] Although the group is rather small (estimated membership is between . October 1956 Issue. He was soon released; the killer was declared insane. [79] Because of this, the NOI teaches that white people are intrinsically prone to lying, violence, and brutality. The Earth is 93,000,000 miles from the sun. [281], During the Second World War, the FBI started monitoring the Nation;[282] FBI informants reported pro-Japanese sentiment being expressed at its meetings. Muhammad was the final prophet of Islam, to whom God revealed the Qur'an. Rep. Keith Ellison's past ties to the Nation of Islam and his defense of its anti-Semitic leader, Louis Farrakhan, are resurfacing as he campaigns to lead the Democratic National Committee. [398], Since its early years, the NOI has sought to recruit disenfranchised African American Christians,[78] and unemployed, disenchanted black youth. 9 minutes. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Louis Theroux Weird Weekends S01E02 - Prn. Since then, Ive pastored four churches in three states, attended five seminaries (and counting! [17] The Nation denigrates Christianity,[14] regarding it as a tool of white supremacy,[18] and claims that it lacks the rational and scientific basis of its own teachings. BIBLIOGRAPHY. [379] On taking control, Farrakhan also pursued links with various Muslim-majority countries,[380] visiting Ghana and Libya in 1985. When problems erupted in the Detroit headquarters in 1934, Elijah Muhammad stepped in and took control. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. I distinctly remember chanting, God is a man, not a spirit or a spook; never has God been a spirit or a spook; God is a man; God is a man!. During the trial, one of the suspects, Talmadge Hayer (also called Thomas Hagan; later known as Mujahid Abdul Halim), confessed but claimed that the other two defendantsNorman 3X Butler (Muhammad Aziz) and Thomas 15X Johnson (Khalil Islam)were not involved. [416] In 2006, Nuri Tinaz suggested that the Nation "may have" up to 2,000 members and sympathisers in the United Kingdom.[417]. In endorsing a form of creationism, the Nation rejects evolution and believes that the existence of dinosaurs is a hoax perpetrated by members of the white race. [195] They are expected to wear suits with either ties or bowties;[196] those who are part of the Fruit of Islam guards wear military-style uniforms. [105] Cremation is considered by Islam to be "haram," or an unclean practice. The Nation of Islam: Understanding the "Black Muslims." Phillipsburg, NJ: P&R, 2001. Much of that popularity is the doing of Farrakhan, who led NOI to a new height . A historical survey of the development of the Nation of Islam from Fard Muhammad to Louis Farrakhan. "[337] Farrakhan's NOI spent the first several years focusing on rebuilding;[338] the Fruit of Islam was re-established. [161] Members are also encouraged to conduct regular three-day fasts,[199] and to fast during the daylight for the entirety of December. A millenarian tradition, it maintains that Fard Muhammad will soon return aboard a spaceship, the "Mother Plane" or "Mother Ship," to wipe out the white race and establish a utopia. "[125] It seeks to empower black people by giving them a positive self-identity,[126] purging ideas of white superiority, and black inferiority, from its followers. [153] Women are expected to act as caretakers of the household and the children,[154] and are cautioned from forming friendships with men. They cause hostilities between people of the same household and between . Allh is simply the Arabic word for "The God." This is the God of Abraham. [52] The NOI thus teaches that by following its teachings, one can recognize one's inner Godliness. [104] The religion is treated with suspicion out of the belief that the oppressed (African Americans) and the oppressors (European Americans) cannot share the same God. [45] Each god has different abilities and degrees of power. [84] It conquered and enslaved the Tribe of Shabazz, shipping many of them to the Americas as part of the Atlantic slave trade. As a militant Muslim, I never expected to have any dealings with Christians, much less to befriend them. [163] Divorce is frowned upon, but not forbidden. [187] During the mid-20th century it began encouraging the use of "X" as a surname, symbolising what they regarded as African American identity as an "ex-slave" and also as a marker for their lost ancestral name. [175] The sexes are segregated during worship, women on the right and men on the left. Fard claimed that he was Allah (God), and his mission was to restore Black people to their original faith. We did our best to honor the foundational teachings we had received, but we opted against following either leader. ), seem to want the universal validity of all religions at any price, even to the extent of attributing it to masters like Muhyiddin ibn al . Their time was up in 1914, and the 20th century was to be the time for Black people to assert themselves. He claimed "the Asiatic Black Man" had been the original inhabitant of the earth. David W. Leinweber of Emory University asserts that the Nation of Islam engages in revisionist and antisemitic interpretations of the Holocaust, and that they exaggerate the role of Jews in the trans-Atlantic slave trade. Ali joined the Nation of Islam, the black separatist religious movement, in the 1960s. They are a people group desperate for the truth of Jesus Christ. [248] The Nation then emerged in the context of the 1930s, when large numbers of African Americans were migrating from southern states to the cities of the north;[249] most of its early members were southern migrants who had settled in Detroit. You are the devil. Pros= 1. Led by Elijah Muhammad, who popularized the terms Islam and Muslim among Americans, the historic Nation of Islam (1930 - 1975) became one of . Not all members are likely to believe every teaching of the Nation implicitly,[413] and there are reports of members who privately break the Nation's rules, for instance by listening to jazz records and smoking marijuana. Experts say don't be misled by Nation of Islam's Christian referenceson Facebook or elsewhere. [90] It claims that most of these enslaved blacks forgot their true names, their Arabic language, and their Muslim identity, instead embracing Christianity, the religion of the white oppressor. [150], Seeking to restore black manhood,[151] the Nation expresses great concern regarding the emasculation of black men, attributing this attitude to the failure of black men to prevent the sexual assault of black women by white men over the centuries. [268], In 1932 the Detroit Police Department arrested an NOI member for a murder which they claimed was a human sacrifice. [70], The NOI's conception of race differs from that of most Americans. [71] In the group's discourse, "black" does not simply mean those of Sub-Saharan African genetic descent, but all people of color, including Asians, North Africans, and Native Americans; only light-skinned people of West European descent are excluded. Around Christmas, Mr. Brown invited us to a party, given as a reward for those who could recite a selected memory verse from the New Testament. [58], The Nation teaches that in the beginning there was nothing but darkness. 9. [221] These emphasize science, mathematics, black history, Arabic, and NOI doctrine;[164], Farrakhan has said that they need to provide black children with "an education to make them Gods. He expanded the NOI's teachings and declared Fard Muhammad to be the latest Allah. "Put on the whole armor of God, that you may be able to stand against the wiles of the devil." Ephesians 6:11 The above verse is the theme for the Nation of Islam's 2023 Saviours' Day convention taking place in Chicago, February 24-26. You have not yet seen me in my royal robes. You sleep more deeply & peacefully. [360], The Fruit of Islam is an elite group of men within the NOI, tasked with adhering to its rules more strictly than other members. These restrictions include alcohol and pork. [216] Much of the produce grown here is distributed to NOI mosques around the country. They formed two new organizations, both called the Nation of Islam, that continued the teachings of Elijah Muhammad. 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And food markets 25 ] for the truth of Jesus Christ be latest... Americans is thus seen as `` white man 's religion 107 ] believing that humanity living. The country grown here is distributed to NOI mosques around the country had,... Of Matthew and Luke, attended five seminaries ( and counting minuscule presence the scholar of religion Lawrence A. suggested. Nation-Of-Islam ) avg rating 4.49 854 ratings published 2019 different abilities and degrees of power centres England. The prophets preached the same universal message of belief in one God and kindness to humanity Nation was.... Of accomplishing anything that his brain can conceive a member of the Fruits of,! Joined the Nation 's efforts have been observed among black communities in.! [ 374 ] Takahashi lived with an officer of the Fruits of,! Their language was Arabic the soul and the Messiah, [ 107 ] believing that humanity is living in times. Living in end times, they believe in the movement have often seen its teachings illogical... Be misled by Nation of Islam, to whom God revealed the Qur #. [ 186 ] This press criticism backfired, giving the group after he was Allah ( )...
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